Railway signaling system



Jan .17,1939. .HSYO G 2,143,967

RAILWAY sIGNALmG SYSTEM Filed Aug. 30, 1951 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 '25 28 7 INVENTOR Henry 6'. VoL ng.

HIS ATTORNEY Jan. '17, 1939.

H. s. YOUNG RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM Filed Au 50, 1931 e Sheets-Sheet 2 EB 0 FM Henry S 00mg. Fig.4. I

HIS ATT RNEY Jan. 17, 1939;

H. S. YOUNG RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM Fi led Aug. 30, 19:54

6 Sheets-Sheet 3 I04 4 B P012 I05 2% INVE 0R Benny 5 I bany 'Q'ALWW H16 ATTORNEY Jan. 17, 1939. H. s. YOUNG RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM Filed Aug. 50, i934 Sheets-Sheet s INVENTOR g S. I Ybung.

HIS ATTORNEY H9121 BY Jan.17, 1939. H. s. YOUNG RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM Filed Aug. 30, 1934 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 INVENTOR Henry 6. Young.

NNQAN MNS i m S @W NH 5 N EN aww A TTORNEY Patented Jan. 17, 1939 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE RAILWAY SIGNALING SYSTEM Application August so, 1934, Serial No. 742,095

36 Claims.

My invention relates to railway signaling systems of the type involving light signals which are approach lighted.

One object of my invention is to provide means for checking the continuity of the lamp filament of a signal of the type described while the lamp is extinguished.

Another object of my invention is to provide a restrictive indication for trains approaching an approach lighted signal having a burned out lamp.

Other objects of my invention will appear as the description proceeds.

I will describe nine forms of signaling systems embodying my invention, and will then point out the novel features thereof in claims.

In the accompanying drawings, Figs. 1 to 8, inclusive, are diagrammatic views showing my invention applied to a plurality of different forms of signaling systems. Figs. 9 and 9 are diagrammatic views which, when placed end to end with Fig. 9* on the right, show my invention applied to still another form of signaling system.

Similar reference characters refer to similar parts in each of the several views.

- Referring first to Fig. l, the reference characters I and l designate the track rails of a stretch of railway track along which traflic normally moves in the direction indicated by the arrow. These track rails are divided, by means of insulated joints 2, to form blocks, only one of which AB is shown complete in the drawings. Each block is provided with a polarized track circuit including a polarized track relay, designated by the reference character TR with a suitable distinguishing exponent, and a track' battery designated by the reference character F with a suitable distinguishing exponent. Each track relay is connected directly with the rails of the associated block adjacent the entrance end of the block, while each track battery is connected with the rails of the associated block adjacent the exit end of the block in series with an adjustable resistor designated by the reference character G with a suitable distinguishing exponent, the winding of an approach lighting relay, designated by the reference character ALR with a suitable distinguishing exponent, and the pole-changing contacts 3 and 4 of an auxiliary relay designated by the reference character AR with a suitable distinguishing exponent.

Located adjacent the entrance end of each block is a signal designated by the reference character S With an exponent corresponding to the location. Each signal, as here shown, is of the type commonly known as a Searchlight signal, and comprises an armature 5 mounted to rotate between an intermediate position to which it is biased, and two extreme positions. Each armature 5 is controlled by an armature winding 6, and is polarized by the field from a permanent magnet or an electromagnet (not shown) in such a manner that when the winding 6 is energized, the armature 5 will rotate to its righthand or left-hand extreme position according as winding 6 is then supplied with current of normal or reverse polarity, respectively. Attached to each armature 5 to rotate therewith are three colored roundels G, R, and Y, which are arranged to be disposed in the path of a beam of light projected from an associated lamp L according as the armature 5 occupies its right-hand extreme position, its intermediate position or its left-hand extreme position, respectively. For convenience in illustration, each lamp L in the drawing is shown disposed above the associated roundels, but it will be readily understood that in actual practice each lamp will be located directly back of the associated roundel and will have a associated therewith a suitable optical system, not shown, for projecting a beam of light from the lamp. The signals S each indicate proceed, stop or caution according as the roundel G, R, or Y is in front of the associated lamp L when this lamp is lighted. Operatively connected with each armature 5 is a circuit controller comprising two movable contact fingers 1 and 8. The movable contact finger l cooperates with a fixed contact 7 to close a contact 'i-l when the armature occupies its right-hand extreme position, and with a fixed contact 1 to close a contact l-l when the armature occupies its intermediate position or its left-hand extreme position; while the movable contact finger 8 cooperates with a fixed contact 8* to close a contact 8-8 when the armature occupies its left-hand extreme position, and with a fixed contact 8 to close a contact 88 when the armature occupies its intermediate or its righthand extreme position. A signal of the type described is disclosed and claimed in Letters Patent of the United States No. 1,864,224, granted to Wesley B. Wells, on June 21, 1932. for Light signals.

The winding 6 of each signal S is provided with a normal energizing circuit which is closed when the associated track relay TR is energized by current of normal polarity; with a reverse energizing circuit which is closed when the associated track relay TR is energized by current of reverse polarity;with a first auxiliary energizing circuit which is closed when the normal contacts of the associated track relay and the front contacts. of the associated auxiliary relay AR are closed; and with a second auxiliary circuit which is closed when the reverse contacts of the associated track relay TR are closed, and the front contacts of the associated auxiliary relay AR are closed. Referring particularly to signal S the normal energizing circuit for winding 6 of this signal passes from terminal X of a suitable source of current not shown in the drawings through front contact II] of track relay TR normal contact II-II of track relay TR wire I3, winding Ii of signal S wire I l, and normal contact I2I2 of signal S to the other terminal 0 of the source. The reverse energizing circuit for winding 6 of signal S passes from terminal X through front contact ID of track relay TR reverse contact !I-II' of track relay TR wire It, winding 6 of signal S wire I3, and reverse contact IZ-I2 of track relay TR to terminal 0. The first auxiliary circuit for winding 6 of signal S passes from terminal X through contact E5 of auxiliary relay AR wire 23, normal contact II---II of track relay TB wire I3, winding 6 of signal S wire I4, and normal contact I2-I2 of track relay 'IR to terminal 0. The second auxiliary circuit for winding 5 of signal S passes from terminal X through front contact I5 of auxiliary relay AR wire 23, reverse contact II-II of track relay TR wire 14, winding 6 of signal S wire I3, and reverse contact I2I2 of track relay TR to terminal 0.

When either the normal or first auxiliary energizing circuit for the winding 6 of signal S is closed, the winding of this signal is supplied with current of normal polarity and it will be apparent, therefore, that if the associated lamp L is then lighted, the signal will display a proceed indication. Likewise, when either the reverse or second auxiliary circuit for winding 6 of signal S is closed, this winding is then supplied with current of reverse polarity, and as a result, if the associated lamp L is then lighted, the signal will display a caution indication.

Each auxiliary relay is controlled by the associated track relay 'IR, by the circuit controller and the lamp of the associated signal S, and by the associated approach lighting relay ALR. The above method of control as well as apparatus involved embody my present invention. Referring particularly to auxiliary relay AR this relay is provided with a first circuit which passes from terminal X through front contact 9 of track relay TR wire I6, contact 8-8 of signal S wire I'I, contact 'I-I of signal S wire I8, winding of relay AR wire I9, back contact 2020 of approach lighting relay ALB wire 2 I, and the filament of lamp L to terminal 0. Relay AR is also provided with a second circuit which is similar to the circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes a contact 88 of signal S and a wire 22 in place of contact B8 of signal S wire I1, and contact Y-?'" of signal S Relay AR is further provided with a third circuit which passes from terminal X, through front contact 9 of track relay TR wire I6, contact B--8 of signal S wire I l, contact 1-1' of signal S wire I8, winding of relay AR wire I9, and front contact lit-29 of relay ALR to terminal 0; and with a fourth circuit which is similar to the third circuit with the exception that this latter circuit includes contact 88 of signal S and wire 22 in place of contact 8-8 of signal S wire I7, and contact 'I'I of signal S Each auxiliary relay has a resistance which is sufficiently high so that when either of the circuits for the relay including the associated lamp L are closed, the lamp will remain extinguished. Furthermore, each auxiliary relay is made sufficiently slow releasing so that when the energizing circuits for the relay are interrupted due either to the polarity of the current which is supplied to the associated track relay becoming reversed, or to the associated approach lighting relay picking up or releasing its armature, the front contacts of such auxiliary relay will remain closed.

Each signal lamp L is provided with an energizing circuit which is controlled by the associated. approach lighting relay ALR, and which passes from terminal X, through front contact 22 of the associated relay ALR, wire 2 I, and the filament of the lamp to terminal 0.

Each approach lighting relay is so designed and the parts are so proportioned that when the track circuit in which it is included is unoccupied the current which then flows in its winding will be insufficient to pick up its armature and cause it to close its front contacts, but that, when the track circuit in which it is included is occupied by a train, the increased current which then flows in its winding due to the train shunt will be sufficient to cause it to pick up its armature and close its front contacts. It follows that each signal lamp will only be lighted when the block in the rear of the associated signal is occupied by a train.

As shown in the drawings, all parts are in their normal positions. That is to say, track relays TR and TR are both energized by current of normal polarity, so that the armatures 5 of signals S and S both occupy their right-hand positions, auxiliary relays AR and AR are both energized, the approach lighting relays ALR and ALR are both deenergized, and the lamps L and L are both extinguished.

In explaining the operation of the apparatus as a whole, I will first assume that a train moving toward the right traverses the stretch of track shown in the drawings. When the train enters the block to the left of point A, the increased current which then flows in the winding of relay ALR due to the train shunt will cause this relay to open its back contact it-2W and close its front contacts 2il--2t and 2.2. The opening of back contact 28-2E3 will interrupt the circuit which was previously closed for auxiliary relay AR at this contact, while the closing of front contact 2@2 li will close the previously traced circuit for relay AR including front contact 2il--2Il of relay ALR and front contact El of track relay TR Relay AR will not open its front contacts under these conditions, however, due to its slow releasing characteristics. The closing of front contact 22 of approach lighting relay ALR will complete the circuit for lamp L and this lamp will therefore become lighted, thus causing signal S to indicate proceed.

When the train enters block A-B, track relay TR will become deenergized and approach lighting relay ALR will become energized. The de energization of track relay TR will cause auxiliary relay AR to become deenergized, and when this occurs, winding 6 of signal S will become deenergized because the normal and reverse energizing circuits for this winding will then bothbe open at front contact ID of track TR and both auxiliary energizing circuits will be open at front contact l5 of relay AR signal S will therefore move to its intermediate position, thus causing signal S to indicate stop. The deenergization of auxiliary relay AR. will also cause the polarity of the current supplied to the track circuit for the block in the rear of block A--B to become reversed. The energization of approach lighting relay ALR will cause lamp L to become lighted, and the lighting of this lamp, in turn, will cause signal S to indicate proceed. When the train has passed completely out of the block to the left of block A-B, approach lighting relay ALR will become deenergized, and will extinguish lamp L unless, of course, a following train has previously entered the block.

When the train enters the block to the right of block A-B, track relay TR will become deenergized, and will deenergize auxiliary relay AR which, in turn, will deenergize winding 6 of signal 8 The deenergization of winding 5 of signal S will cause this signal to move to its stop position, while the deenergization of relay AR will reverse thepolarity of the current supplied to the track circuit for block A--B. When the train has completely passed out of block AB, track relay TR will pick up in the reverse direction since the associated track circuit is then supplied with current of reverse polarity, andwhen this happens, signal S will move to its caution position and auxiliary relay AR will pick up. The picking up of auxiliary relay AR will cause the track circuit for the block in the rear of block A-B to again be supplied with current of normal polarity. When the train leaves the block to the right of block A-B, track relay TR will become energized in the reverse direction in the same manner that track relay TR. became energized in the reverse direction when the train left block AB, and when this happens, signal S will move to its caution position due to the resultant energization of winding 6 of this signal in its reverse direction. Furthermore, when track relay TR becomes energized in its reverse direction, auxiliary relay AR will become energized and will cause the polarity of the current which is supplied to track relay TR. to become normal. Track relay TR is of the usual type wherein when the polarity of the current supplied to the relay is reversed, the neutral contacts open before the polar contacts start to reverse, and remain open until after the polar contacts are completely reversed. If the auxiliary circuits previously traced for winding 6 of signal S were not provided, when the polarity of the current supplied to track relay TR becomes reversed under these conditions, winding 6 of signal S would become deenergized, and would remain deenergized during the entire time the neutral contacts of the track relay are open, which time might be sufficiently long, so that if lamp L were then lighted, as would be the case if the block to the left of block A-B were then occupied, an undesirable momentary stop indication might be given. However, due to the fact that the auxiliary circuits for winding 6 of signal S are provided, this winding only remains deenergized under these conditions for the brief interval of time required for the polar contacts of track relay TB to reverse, which interval is too short to cause a momentary stop indication,

When the train passes out of the. second block in advance of block A-B, track relay TR will again become energized in the normal direction,

Armature 5 of and will cause winding 6 of signal S to continue energized in its normal direction in a manner which will be obvious from the foregoing, and when this happens, all parts will be restored to the positions in which they are shown in the drawings.

I will now assume that with the parts in the positions in which they are shown in the drawings, lamp L burns out, and that a train subsequently enters the block to the left of point A. When lamp L burns out, the circuit over which auxiliary relay AR was previously energized will become interrupted at the lamp filament, and auxiliary relay AR, will therefore become deenergized, and will reverse the polarity of the current supplied to track relay TR thus causing track relay TR to open its normal contacts and close its reverse contacts. The closing of the reverse contacts of track relay TR will cause winding 6 of signal S to become energized in the reverse direction, and as a result, when the train enters the block to the left of point A and causes approach lighting relay ALR to become energized and complete the circuit for lamp L signal S will indicate caution even though neither of the two blocks in advance of location A are occupied.

It will be seen, therefore, that with a signal system constructed in the manner described, if the lamp of a signal burns out when the signal in the rear occupies its proceed position, the signal mechanism in the rear will immediately move to its caution position, thus insuring that an engineman will not be required to pass a signal which indicates proceed, only to find the signal next in advance dark. Since operating rules usually require that a dark signal be obeyed as a stop signal, the arrangement herein disclosed aids in removing the operating hazard'incident to an unexpected brake application.

Referring now to Fig. 2, as here shown, the track circuits and signals are similar to those shown in Fig. l, and the signals are controlled by the track relays TR and auxiliary relays AR in the same manner as shown in Fig. 1. The auxiliary relays AR, however, are constructed and controlled somewhat differently from the auxiliary relays shown in Fig. l, and the lighting of the lamps L to provide a signal indication upon the approach of a train is accomplished in a somewhat different manner from that shown in Fig. 1.

As illustrated in Fig. 2, each auxiliary relay is provided with two windings, one of which, 25, has a resistance sufficiently high so that when this winding is connected in series with the filament of the associated lamp L in either of two energizing circuits which are provided for this winding, the lamp will not become lighted; and the other of which, 26, has a resistance sufiicient- 1y low so that when this winding is connected in series with the associated lamp in either of the two energizing circuits which are provided for this winding, the lamp will become lighted. The energizing circuits for the two windings of each auxiliary relay are similar to the corresponding circuits for each of the other auxiliary relays, and it is believed, therefore, that a description of the circuits for one relay will sufl'ice for all.

Referring particularly to the relay AR the one energizing circuit for winding 25 of this relay is closed when track relay TR is energized in its normal direction so that signal S occupies its proceed position, and approach lighting relay ALR is deenergized, and this circuit passes from terminal X through contact 8--8 of signal S wire ll, contact i l of signal S front contact 9 of track relay TR wire 31, winding of relay AR wire 28, back contact 2El2il of relay ALR Wire 21, and the filament of lamp L to terminal 0. The other energizing circuit for winding 25 of relay AR is closed when track relay TR. is energized in its reverse direction so that signal S occupies its caution position and approach lighting relay ALB, is deenergized, and is similar to the circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes contact 88 of signal S in place of contact 6-8 of signal S wire IT, and contact l-l of signal S The one energizing circuit for winding 26 of relay AR. is closed when track relay TR is energized in its normal direction so that signal S occupies its proceed position, and relay ALB is energized, and passes from terminal X, through contact 8-3 of signal S wire I'l, contact l-J of signal S,

front contact 9 of track relay TR wire 3?, winding 26 of relay AR wire 29, front contact 2il-2ll of relay ALR wire 2i, and the filament of lamp L to terminal 0. The other circuit for winding 26 of relay AR is closed when track relay TR is energized in its reverse direction so that signal S indicates caution, and relay ALR. is picked up, and is similar to the circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes contact ii8 of signal S in place of contact 88 of signal S wire ii, and contact 'l'| of signal S It should be pointed out that since each of the circuits for relay AR includes the filament of lamp L if this filament should burn out when any one of these circuits is closed, relay AR. will become deenergized and will cause the polarity of the current which is supp-lied to the block to the left of point A to become pole-changed.

For the reasons previously pointed out, the lamp L will be lighted when either one of the circuits for winding 26 of relay AR is closed. In addition, this lamp will also be lighted when signal S indicates stop, and relay ALR is picked up by virtue of a circuit which passes from terminal X through contact 8--B of signal S wire ll, contact l'l of signal S wire 39, front contact 22 of relay ALB wire 2!, and the filament of lamp L to terminal 0.

As shown in Fig. 2, all parts are in their normal positions. When a train enters the block to the left of point A, relay ALR will pick up, thereby opening its back contact 20-26 and closing its front contacts 2D2Q and 22. The opening of back contact Zil-Zii will interrupt the circuit which was previously closed for winding 25 of relay AR while the closing of front contact 2l2$ will complete one of the circuits for winding 28 of this relay. When the circuit for winding 25 becomes completed, lamp L will become lighted, and since the signal S then occupies its proceed position, the signal will display a proceed indication.

When the train enters block AB, track relay TR will become deenergized, and approach lighting relay ALR will pick up its armature. The deenergization of track relay TE will interrupt the circuit which was previously closed for winding 25 of relay AR and this relay will, therefore, become deenergized. When relay AR becomes deenergized, winding 6 of signal El will also become deenergized, thus causing signal S to move to its stop position. When signal S reaches its stop position, the closing of contact 7-4- of the signal will complete the previously traced circuit for lamp L including front contact 22 of approach lighting relay ALR It will be apparent, therefore, that when the train enters block AB, the lamp L will be deenergized for a very brief interval, but this interval will be insutficient to cause a dark signal. When the train has completely entered block AB, approach lighting relay ALR will release, and will interrupt the circuit which was previously closed for lamp L at front contact 22 of this relay, and lamp L will then become extinguished. The energization of approach lighting relay ALR due to the entrance of the train into block AB will interrupt the circuit which was previously closed for winding 25 of relay AR and will complete one of the circuits for winding 26 of relay AR When the circuit for winding 26 of relay AR becomes closed, lamp L will become lighted, and will cause signal S to display a proceed indication.

When the train enters the block to the right of point B, the resultant deenergization of track relay IR will cause winding 26 of relay AR to become deenergized which, in turn, will cause signal S to move to its stop position. Furthermore, when winding 25 becomes deenergized, lamp L will become deenergized, but as soon as signal S reaches its stop position, this lamp will again become energized in the same manner that the lamp L became energized when the train entered block AB. When the train leaves block A-B, approach lighting relay ALR will become deenergized, and track relay TR will become energized in the reverse direction. The energization of track relay TR in the reverse direction will cause signal S to move from its stop position to its caution position, and when the signal reaches its caution position, the previously described circuit for winding 25 of relay AR, including contact 88* of signal S will become closed, thus causing relay AR to pick up and supply the rails of the block to the left of point A with emrent of normal polarity.

When the train leaves the block to the right of point B, track relay TR will become energized in its reverse direction which will cause signal S to move to its caution position. When the signal reaches its caution position, winding 25 of relay AR will become energized, thus causing this relay to pick up its armature. When this relay picks up its armature, track relay TR will become energized in the normal direction, thus causing signal S to move to its proceed position. When the signal reaches its proceed position, winding 25 of relay AR will then be energized over the previously described circuit including contacts 88 and 'l'l of signal S When the train has passed completely out of the second block in advance of point B, track relay TR will become energized in its normal direction, which will cause the signal S to move to its proceed position. When signal S reaches its proceed position, winding 25 of relay AR will become energized over the circuit which is shown closed in the drawings, and all parts will then be restored to the positions in which they are illustrated in the drawings.

If, with the apparatus constructed as shown in the drawings, the lamp L should burn out when any one of the circuits for either winding 25 or winding 26 of relay AR are closed, relay AR will become deenergized, and the deenergization of this relay will cause track relay TR to be supplied with current of reverse polarity. As a result, this relay will reverse its polar contacts and cause signal S to move from its proceed position to its caution position unless the parts are already in these positions. As a result, if a train then enters the block to the left of point A and causes lamp L to become lighted, the signal will display a caution indication, thus precluding the possibility of the engineman passing the signal S when it indicates proceed and finding the signal S dark.

One advantage of the apparatus shown in Fig. 2, over that shown in Fig. 1, is that with the apparatus shown in Fig. 2, each auxiliary relay AR will function to check the continuity of the filament of the lamp for the associated signal even though the associated approach lighting relay ALR should become falsely energized for any reason.

Referring now to Fig. 3, the track circuits and signals, as well as the control circuits for the signals are again similar to those shown in Fig. 1. Each auxiliary relay AR, however, instead of being controlled in part by the associated approach lighting relay ALR in the manner shown in Fig. 1, is controlled in part by an associated light-out relay, designated by the reference character LOR with a suitable distinguishing exponent, which light-out relay is connected in series with the associated lamp L whenever a train approaches the signal of which the lamp forms a part.

Referring particularly to the apparatus located at point A, relay AR is provided with a first circuit which is closed when track relay TR is energized in its normal direction so that signal S occupies its proceed position, and light-out relay LOR is deenergized, and which circuit passes from terminal X, through front contact 9 of track relay TR wire l6, contact 8-43 of signal S wire l1, contact l-J of signal S wire I8, winding of relay AR wire l9, back contact 33-33 of lightout relay LOR wires 34 and 35, and the filament of lamp L to terminal 0. Relay AR is also provided with a second circuit which is closed when track relay TR is energized in the reverse direction so that signal S occupies its caution position, and light-out relay LOR is deenergized, and which circuit is similar to the circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes contact li -8 of signal S in place of contact 88 of signal S wire l1, and contact 'l'l of signal S Relay AR is further provided with a third circuit which is energized when track relay IR is energized in its normal direction so that signal S occupies its proceed position, and lightout relay LOR is energized, and with a fourth circuit which is closed when track relay TR is energized in its reverse direction so that signal S occupies its caution position, and light-out relay LOR is energized. The third circuit for relay AR passes from terminal X, through front contact 9 of track relay TR wire l6, contact 8-8 of signal S wire l1, contact 1-? of signal S wire i8, winding of relay AR wire I9, and front contact 333i of relay LOR to terminal 0. The fourth circuit for relay AR is similar to the third circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes contact 8-8 of signal S in place of contact 8-8 of signal S wire ll, and contact of signal S The energizing circuit for lamp L as here shown passes from terminal X through front contact 22 of relay ALR wire 36, winding of relay LOR wire .35, and the filament of lamp L to terminal 0. Since this circuit includes light-out relay LOR it follows that relay LOR will be energized whenever relay ALR is energized provided that the filament of lamp L is intact.

To explain the operation of the system shown in Fig. 3, I will assume that block A-B is oocupied by a train, that the block in the rear of block A-B is unoccupied, and that trafiic conditions in advance of block A-B are such that track relay TR is energized in its normal direction. Under these conditions, approach relay ALR will be energized because of the presence of the train in block A-B, and the circuit for lamp L will therefore be closed at front contact 22 of relay ALR Lamp L will therefore be lighted, and light-out relay LOR will be energized. Signal S will occupy its proceed position, and since lamp L is lighted, this signal will display a proceed indication. Auxiliary relay AR will be energized over the circuit including contacts 8-8 and 7-H of signal S and front contact 3333 of light-out relay LOR Track relay 'I'R will be deenergized, and auxiliary relay AR will therefore also be deenergized. With relays TR- and AR both deenergized, all circuits for winding 6 of signal S will be open, and signal S- will therefore occupy its stop position. Approach lighting relay ALR will be deenergized, and lamp L and light-out relay LOR will therefore both also be deenergized, Since lamp L is deenergized, signal S will, of course, be dark.

When the train enters the block to the right of block A-l3, track relay TRB will become deenergized and will deenergize relay AR Signal S will therefore move to its stop position, since all circuits for winding 6 of'this signal will then be open. When the train has passed completely out of block AB, approach lighting relay ALR will release its armature, and track relay 'I'R will become energized in the reverse direction. The releasing of the armature of approach lighting relay ALR will interrupt the circuit which was previously closed for lamp L and lamp L will then become extinguished and light-out relay LOR will become deenergized. The energization of track relay TR in its reverse direction will cause signal S to move to its caution position, and when the signal reaches its caution position, auxiliary relay AR will become energized over the circuit including contact 8-8 of signal S H and back contact 33-33 of relay LOR The energization of relay AR will cause current of normal polarity to be supplied to the rails of the block in the rear of block A--B.

When the train leaves the first block in advance of block AB, track relay TR will become energized in its reverse direction, which will cause signal S to move to its caution position. When signal S reaches its caution. position, relay AR will become energized and will reverse the polarity of the current supplied to track relay TR so that this latter relay will now become energized in its normal direction. The energization of track relay 'IR in its normal direction will cause signal S to move to its proceed position, and when this signal moves to its proceed position, the circuit which was previously closed for relay AR at contact 8-8 of signal S will become interrupted, and the circuit for this relay including contact 8-8 and 'l-l of signal S will become closed. Relay AR however, will not open its front contacts due to its slow releasing characteristics.

When the train passes out of the second block in advance of block A-B, track relay TR will become energized in its normal direction, and will cause signal S to move to its proceed position. This movement of signal S to its proceed position will cause the circuit for relay AR including contact 3-43 of signal S to become interrupted,

and the circuit for this relay including contacts 8-8 and l-'l=- of signal S to become closed, but relay AR will not open its front contacts. When the circuit for relay AR including contacts 88 and ii becomes closed, all parts will be restored to their normal positions in which they are shown in the drawings.

It should be particularly pointed out that with the apparatus constructed as shown in Fig. 3, if a signal lamp should burn out when the block in the rear of the associated signal is unoccupied, the auxiliary relay associated with the signal will become deenergized and will reverse the polarity of the current supplied to the track relay for the block in the rear, thus causing the signal in the rear to move to its caution position. For example, assuming that lamp L burns out when the parts are in the positions in which they are shown in the drawings, relay AR will become deenergized and will reverse the polarity of the current supplied to track relay TR thus causing this relay to reverse its polar contacts, and hence causing signal S to move to its caution position. As a result, when a train subsequently enters the block in the rear of block A-B and causes lamp L to become lighted, signal S will display a caution indication, thus warning the trainman to be prepared to stop at the next signal, and hence avoiding the undesirable condition of passing signal S at proceed, and having to stop when the train reaches signal S as would be the case were my present invention not used.

It should also be pointed out that with the apparatus constructed as shown in Fig. 3, if an approach lighting relay ALR should become falsely energized when the associated signal lamp is burned out, the associated approach lighting relay LOR will remain deenergized and the associated auxiliary relay AR will therefore function to cause the signal for the block in the rear to move to its caution position in the manner just described in spite of the false energization of the approach lighting relay. For example, if approach' lighting relay ALR should become falsely picked up when block AB is unoccupied by a train, and lamp L is burned out, light-out relay LOR would remain deenergized, and relay AR would, therefore, become deenergized in the manner previously described, and would reverse the polarity of the current supplied to track relay TR thus causing signal S to move to its caution position.

Referring now to Fig. 4, in the modified form of the apparatus here illustrated, there is provided at each signal location, in addition to the apparatus shown in Fig. 3, a transformer designated by the reference character T with a suitable distinguishing exponent, and a power-off relay designated by the reference character POR with a suitable distinguishing exponent. The primary winding $9 of each transformer T is constantly connected with the terminals Z and O of a suitable source of alternating current not shown in the drawings, while the secondary winding 4| of each transformer T is constantly connected with the winding of the associated power-off relay. It will be seen, therefore, that each poweroff relay will be energized at all times except in the event that the alternating current supply fails.

Each auxiliary relay, as shown in Fig. 4, is controlled by the associated signal S, by the associated track relay TR, by the associated approach lighting relay ALR and by the associated lightout relay LOR. Referring to relay AR for example, this relay is provided with one circuit which passes from terminal X of a battery E through front contact 9 of track relay TR wire IE, contact 8-8 of signal S wire ii, contact 'l'| of signal S wire l8, winding of relay AR wire l9, back contact 2fl2il of relay ALR wire 36, winding of relay LOR wire 35, filament of lamp L and wires 42 and 43 back to terminal 0 of battery E Relay AR is also provided with another circuit which is similar to the circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes contact 88 of signal S in place of contact 88 of signal S wire ii, and contact 'l1 of signal 3*. Relay AR is further provided with two other circuits, one of which passes from terminal X of battery E through front contact 9 of track relay TR wire It, contact 88 of signal S wire ll, contact l''l of signal S wire it, winding of relay AR wire 19, front contact 33 of light-out relay LOR and wires 44 and 58 to terminal 0 of battery E The remaining circuit for relay AR is similar to the circuit last traced with the exception that this circuit includes contact 88 of signal S in place of contact &-8, wire H, and contact L f of signal S When any one of the circuits just traced for relay AR is closed, this relay will, of course, be picked up.

It will be noted that the two circuits first traced for relay AR each include the winding of lightout relay LOR The winding. of light-out relay LOR has a low resistance, and the parts are so proportioned that when either circuit for relay AR including this winding is closed, relay LOR will not be energized to a sufficient extent to cause it to pick up its armature and close its front contact.

It will also be noted that the two circuits first traced for relay AR each includes the filament of lamp L and it follows that if this lamp burns out when either of these circuits are closed, relay AR will become deenergized, and will reverse the polarity of the current supplied to the associated track circuit. The resistance of the winding of relay AR is such that when any one of the four circuits for this relay is-closed, this relay will pick up its armature and close its front contacts.

Each signal lamp L, as shown in Fig. 4 is controlled by the associated approach lighting relay ALR and by the associated power-01f relay FOR in such a manner that when the associated approach lighting relay becomes energized, the lamp will be supplied with alternating current from the associated transformer T, or with direct current from the associated battery E, according as the associated power-off relay is then energized or deenergized. Referring to lamp L for example, when approach lighting relay ALR and power-off relay POR are both energized, the circuit for this lamp may be traced from the lefthand terminal of transformer T through front contact 4646 of relay POR wire i'l, front contact 2!i2[| of relay ALR wire 36, winding of relay LOR wire 35, the filament of lamp L and wires 42 and 43 to the right-hand terminal of secondary 4| of transformer T When, however, approach lighting relay ALR is energized and power-off relay POR is deenergized, lamp L is then lighted by virtue of a circuit which passes from terminal X of battery E through wire 49, back contactdtit of relay POR wire 41, front contact ZU-ZB of relay ALR wire 36, winding of relay LOR wire 35, the filament of lamp L and wires 42 and 43 to terminal 0 of battery E It will be noted that each of the two energizing circuits for lamp L includes the winding of relay LOR This relay is so constructed that it will operate on either alternating or direct current, and its impedance is such that when either of the energizing circuits for lamp L are closed, this relay will pick up its armature and close its front contact 33. It follows that if the filament of lamp L should burn out when either of the circuits for this lamp are closed, relay LOP, will become deenergized, and if relay AR is not already deenergized due to the presence of a train in block A-B, this latter relay will become deenergized and will reverse the polarity of the current supplied to the associated block. The operation, as a whole, of the apparatus shown in Fig. 4 is similar to that shown in Fig. 3, and it is thought that this operation will be readily understood from the foregoing description and from an inspection of the drawings without further detailed description.

Referring now to Fig. 5, the rails l and I of the stretch of track here shown are divided into blocks in the same manner as in the preceding views, and each of these blocks is further'sub divided to form track sections such as Ab and b-B. Although but two track sections are shown per block, it will be understood that more than two sections may be used, as determined by the length of the block, track conditions, and other factors. Eachtrack section is provided with a track circuit comprising a battery 5|] connected with the rails adjacent one end of the section and a neutral track relay connected with the rails adjacent the other end of the section, and designated by the reference character TR with a distinguishing exponent and subscript. Traffic entering each block is governed by a signal S having associated therewith an approach lighting relay designated by the reference character ALR with a distinguishing exponent, a distant relay designated by the reference character DR with a suitable distinguishing exponent, a battery designated by the reference character E with a distinguishing exponent, a power-off relay designated by the reference character POR with a distinguishing. exponent, and a transformer designated by the reference character T with a distinguishing exponent.

The winding 6 of each signal, as here shown, is controlled by the two track relays for the corresponding block and also by the associated distant relay DR. Referring particularly to winding 6 of signal S for example, this winding is provided with a normal energizing circuit which is closed when track relays TR z and TR l are both energized and distant relay DH is also energized, and with a reverse energizing circuit which is closed when track relays TR% and TR i are both energized and distant relay DR is deen ergized. The normal energizing circuit for winding of signal S from battery E through wires 5! and 52, winding of approach lighting relay ALR wire front contact 54 of track relay TRBI, wire 55, front contact 55 of track relay TR z, wire 51, front contact 5858 of distant relay DR wire 59, winding 6 of signal 8, wire fill, front contact iilfi! of distant relay DR and wire 62 back to battery E The reverse energizing circuit for winding 6 is similar to the normal energizing circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes back contacts 58-58 and lib-iii of distant relay IDR instead of front contacts 5ii-5ll and ti e of distant relay DR It follows that when block A- B is unoccupied so that track relays TR z and TRBI are both energized, signal S will occupy its proceed or caution position according as distant relay DR is then energized or deenergized, respectively, and that when block A-B is occupied so that either tr ck relay TR z or TRBI is deenergized, signal S will occupy its stop position.

It will be noted that both circuits for the winding t of each signal include the winding of the approach lighting relay ALR associated with the signal next in advance, and it follows therefore that each approach lighting relay will be energized or deenergized according as the block in the rear is unoccupied or is occupied.

Each distant relay DR is controlled by the signal next in advance and by the approach lighting relay ALR associated with said signal. Referring to relay DR for example, one circuit for this relay is closed when signal S indicates proceed and relay ALR is energized. This circuit passes from battery E through wire 5!, front contact tit-63 of relay ALR wire 64, the filament of lamp L wire 65, front contact EFF-66 of relay ALR wire 61, contact 88 of signal S wire l7, contact 'l-J of signal S wire 68, winding of relay DR and wires 69 and 62 back to battery E Another circuit for relay DR is closed when signal S occupies its caution position and relay ALR is energized. This latter circuit for relay DR, is similar tothe circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes contact 8-53 of signal S instead of contact 8--8 of signal S wire ll, and contact l''l of signal S It will be apparent, there fore, that distanct relay DR will be energized when section A-B is unoccupied, signal S occupies its caution or proceed position, and filament of lamp L is intact.

Each power-off relay POR is constantly connected with the secondary 4! of the associated transformer T, and the primary iil of each transformer T is constantly connected with the terminals Z and O of a source of alternating current in the same manner as was previously described in connection with Fig. 4. It follows that each power-off relay will he energized except in the event of an interruption in the alternating current supply.

Each signal lamp L is controlled by the associated approach lighting relay ALR and by the associated power-off relay POE. Referring particularly to lamp L for example, when relay ALR is deenergized, and relay POR is energized, lamp L is supplied with alternating current over a circuit which may be traced from the left-hand terminal of transformer T through wires FE and H, front contact TE if of relay POR wire 13, back contact 53-E3 of relay ALR wire 64, the filament of lamp L wire 65, back contact lieof relay ALB wire i5, front contact l8-l8 of relay POR and wire 19 to the right-hand terminal of the secondary M of transformer T When, however, relay ALR is deenergized and power-off relay POR is also deencrgized, lamp L is then supplied with direct current. from battery E over a circuit which passes from battery E through back contact 72-12? of power-oif relay POR wire 13, back contact 53-63" of approach lighting relay ALB wire 64, the filament of lamp L wire 65, back contact EB- 55 of relay ALR wire Hi, and back contact l3!8 of relay PQR to battery E It follows that each signal lamp is extinguished except when the associated approach lighting relay is deenergized. In explaining the operation as a whole of the system shown in Fig. 5, I will assume that a train occupies section a-A and that traflic conditions in advance are such that signals S and S both occupy their proceed positions. Under these conditions, track relay TRAI will be deenergized due to the train shunt, and approach lighting relay ALR. will therefore also be deenergized, so that lamp L will be lighted. Signal S will accordingly display a proceed indication. Signal S however, will be dark.

When the train enters section A-b, track relay TR z will become deenergized and will interrupt the circuit which was previously closed for winding 6 of signal S thus causing this signal to move to its stop position, and approach lighting relay ALR to become deenergized. The movement of signal S to its stop position will cause this signal to display a stop indication, since lamp L will then still be lighted, while the deenergization of approach lighting relay ALR will cause this latter relay to interrupt the circuit for distant relay DR and to complete one of the circuits for lamp L When the circuit for lamp L becomes completed, this lamp will I become lighted, and since signal S occupies its proceed position, this signal will then display a proceed indication.

When the train has completely passed out of section a-A, track relay TRAI will pick up, and assuming there is no following train in the section next in rear of section a-A, one of the circuits for approach lighting relay ALR. will then |ecome completed at front contact 54 of track relay TR 1, with the result that approach lighting relay ALR will also pick up. When this happens, lamp L will become extinguished, since both circuits for this lamp will then be opened at the back contacts of relay ALB When the train enters section bB, track relay TR l will become deenergized, but no change will occur in the remainder of the apparatus since the same circuits which were previously opened by the deenergization of track relay TR z will now be held open by the deenergization of track relay TRBL When the train has completely entered section b-B, track relay TR z will pick up, but the picking up of this relay will not have any immediate effect on the remainder of the apparatus for obvious reasons.

As the train progresses into section Bc, the resultant deenergization of track relay TR z will cause signal S to move to its stop position, and distant relay DR to become deenergized in the same manner that the deenergization of track relay TB -z caused signal S to move to its stop position, and relay DR to become deenergized when the train entered section Ab. When signal S moves to its stop position, all circuits for distant relay DR will be held open at the contacts controlled by this signal, and it follows that relay DR will remain deenergized as long as signal S remains in its stop position. When the train has passed completely out of section b-B, the resultant energization of track relay TR i will complete the reverse energizing circuit for winding 6 of signal S and this signal will then move to its caution position. Furthermore, since relay ALR is included in the reverse energizing circuit for winding 6 of signal S when this circuit becomes closed, relay ALR. will pick up and will deenergize signal lamp L thus causing signal S to become dark. As the train progresses through the section to the right of section Bc no change in the apparatus will occur other than the picking up of track relay TRBZ and the dropping of the track relay for the section occupied by the train. When the train passes out of the section to the right of section Bc, signal S will move to its caution position in the same manner as signal S moved to its caution position when the train passed out of section bB, and when this happens the resultant closing of contact 8-8 of signal S will complete one of the circuits for distant relay DR thus causing this relay to become energized. When this relay becomes energized, it will interrupt the reverse energizing circuit for winding 6 of signal S and will complete the normal energizing circuit for winding of this signal, and signal S will then move to its proceed position. As the train continues to proceed beyond the point B, distant relay DR, will finally pick up and cause signal S to move to its proceed position in a manner which will be obvious from the foregoing description. When signal S moves to its proceed position, all parts will be restored to the positions in which they are illustrated in the drawings.

If, when the parts are in the positions shown in Fig. 5, the filament of lamp L should become broken for any reason when the lamp is dark, the circuit for relay DR Will then be interrupted at the filament of lamp L and as a result, relay DR will become deenergized, and will complete the reverse energizing circuit for winding 6 of signal S thus causing this signal to move to its caution position. It follows that with the apparatus constructed as shown in Fig. 5, if a signal lamp filament becomes broken when the lamp is dark, the signal next in the rear will move to its caution position, so that if a train approaches this signal, a caution indication will be displayed thereby. It will be seen, therefore, that with the apparatus constructed as shown in Fig. 5, the distant relays DR serve to check the continuity of the filament of the lamp for the signal next in advance while this lamp is dark.

Referring next to Fig. 6, as here illustrated, the rails l and I of the stretch of track shown in the drawings are divided into blocks in the same 4 manner as in the preceding views, and each block is provided with a track circuit including a battery 53 connected with the rails at the exit end of the section, and a neutral track relay, designated by the reference character TR with a suitable distinguishing exponent, connected with the rails at the entrance end of the section. Traflic entering each block is governed by a signal S, which signal as here shown has associated therewith an approach lighting relay designated by the reference character ALR with a distinguishing exponent, a distant relay designated by the reference character DR with a distinguishing exponent, a light-out relay designated by the reference character LOB with a distinguishing exponent, a power-ofi relay designated by the reference character POR with a distinguishing exponent, a battery designated by the reference character E with a distinguishing exponent, and a transformer designated by the reference character T with a distinguishing exponent.

Each approach lighting relay, as here shown, is made sufficiently slow releasing so that its front contacts will remain closed during the interval of time required for the associated signal to move from its caution to its proceed position or vice versa.

The winding 6 of each signal S is controlled by the associated track relay TR and the associated distant relay DR. Referring particularly to winding 6 of signal S this winding is provided with a normal energizing circuit which passes from battery l2 through wires 86, 8|, 82 and 83, front contact 84 of track relay TR wire 85, front contact B8ii of distant relay DE wire 8?, winding 6 of signal S wire 88, front contact 39-39 of relay DR and wires Eli] and 9! back to battery E This circuit is closed when and only when track relay TR and distant relay DR are both energized, and when this circuit is closed, winding 6 of signal S is supplied with current of normal polarity, with the result that this signal then occupies its proceed position. Winding ii of signal S is also provided with a reverse energizing circuit which i is similar to the normal energizing circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes back contacts 36-3ii and Kid-439 of distant relay DR instead of front contacts 568E and 89t9 of relay DR This latter circuit is closed when and only when track relay TR is energized and distant relay DR is deenergized, and when this circuit is closed winding 6 is supplied with current of reverse polarity, thus causing signal S to occupy its caution position. When track relay TB is deenergized, both the normal and reverse energizing circuits for signal S are then open, and under these conditions signal S occupies its stop position.

Each distant relay is controlled by the associated track relay TR and by the circuit controller of the signal next in advance, as well as by the approach lighting and light-out relays assooiated with the signal next in advance. Referring particularly to relay DR this relay is provided with a pickup circuit which passes from battery E through wires 859, iii, and 92, front contact 93 of light-out relay LOR wires 94 and 95, contact ii3 of signal S wire 95, winding of relay ALR wire 91, front contact 93 of track relay TR wire as, winding of relay DR and wire I68 back to battery E Relay DR is also provided with two holding circuits one of which closed when track relay TR and approach lighting relay ALR are both energized, and signal S occupies its proceed position, and the other of which is closed when track relay TR and approach lighting relay ALR are both energized and signal S occupies its caution position. The holding circuit which closed when signal S occupies its proceed position passes from battery E through wires 8i], 8!, 92 and IN, the filament of lamp L wire M2, front contact lil3ll3 of relay ALR wire 95, contact 8-8 of signal S wire il contact '.'l of signal S wire 98, winding of relay ALR wire 51, front contact 58% of track relay TR wire 93, winding of relay DH, and wire ifiil back to battery E The holding circuit for relay DR which is closed when signal S occupies its caution position is similar to the circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes contact 8-$ of signal S in place of contact 88 of S wire ii and contact L l of signal S Each power-off relay POR is controlled in the manner described in connection with Figs. 4 and 5, and this control will be apparent from the drawings without further description.

Each lamp L is provided with a normal enercircuit which. is closed when the associated power-off relay is energized and the associated approach lighting relay ALR is deenergized, and with an auxiliary energizing circuit which is closed when the associated power-off and lightout relays are both deenergized. Referring particularly to lamp L the normal energizing circuit for this lamp may be traced from the lefthand terminal of the secondary 40 of transformer T through wire I04, front contact -405 of power-off relay POR Wire I06, the winding of relay LOR wire IB'I, back contact IDS-lim of relay ALR wire I02, the filament of lamp L and wires IIi I, 92 and 82, to the righthand terminal of secondary 40 of transformer T The auxiliary energizing circuit for lamp L passes from battery E through wires 80, 8 I, 92 and NH the filament of lamp L wire I02, back contacts ifi3lil3 of relay ALR wire "11, the winding of relay LOR wire Iiifi, back contact Il]5----Ill5 of power-01f relay POR and wire 9| to battery E It will be apparent that both circuits for the lamp include the winding of the lightout relay LOR and that when the one circuit is closed, the lamp is supplied with alternating current, whereas when the other circuit is closed the lamp is supplied with direct current. It is desirable that each relay LOR should pick up when either circuit for the associated lamp is closed, and each of these relays is accordingly so constructed that it will operate on either alternating or direct current.

It will also be apparent that the pickup circuit for relay DR for example, is completed at front contact 93 of relay LOR whereas both holding circuits for relay DR are completed at front contact HELL-NW of approach lighting relay ALR It will further be noted that relay LOR only becomes energized when relay ALR becomes deenergized, and since relay ALR is included in both circuits for relay DR it follows that it is desirable that relay LOB, should hold its front contact closed when the pickup circuit for relay DR becomes completed until after relay ALR has picked up its armature and closed the holding circuit for this relay. To render relay LOR sufiiciently slow in releasing to accomplish this desirable result, a rectifier H is shunted across the winding of relay LOR Each of the other lightout relays has a rectifier shunted across the winding of the relay for a similar purpose.

As shown in Fig. 6, all parts are in their normal positions. That is to say, all relays but the two light-out relays are energized, signals S and S both occupy their proceed positions and lamps L and L are both extinguished.

When a train enters the block to the left of block AB, approach lighting relay ALR. will become deenergized due to the deenergization. of the track relay TR for this block, and when relay ALR becomes deenergized, one or the other of the circuits for lamp L wil become closed according as power-off relay POR is then energized or deenergized. The closing of one of the circuits for lamp L will cause this lamp to become lighted, and since signal S occupies its proceed position, this signal will then display a proceed indication. The closing of one of the circuits for lamp L will also cause relay LOR to pick up, but the picking up of this relay will have no immediate effect on the remainder of the apparatus.

When the train enters block A-B, track relay TR will become deenergized and will interrupt all circuits for winding 6 of signal S thus causing this signal to move to its stop positon. W'hen signal S moves to its stop position, the circuit for relay ALB will then be open at the contacts controlled by signal S and relay ALR. will, therefore, remain deenergized even after the train has completely entered block AB and permitted the track relay for the block to the left of block A-B to pick up. The deenergization of track relay TR in addition to causing signal S to move to its stop position, will interrupt the circuit for relay DR and this relay and approach lighting relay ALR will therefore both become deenergized. The deenergization of relay DR will have no immediate effect on the remainder of the apparatus, but the deenergization of approach lighting relay ALR will cause lamp L to become lighted, and light-out relay LOR to become energized. When lamp L becomes lighted. signal S will display 2. proceed indication.

When the train enters the block to the right of block A-B, track relay TR will become deenergized and will cause signal S to move to its stop positon and distant relay DR to become deenergized. When signal S moves to its stop position, all circuits for relay DR will then be open at the contacts controlled by this signal and relays DR and ALB. will, therefore, remain deenergized as long as signal S remains in its stop positon. When track relay TR picks up due to the train having completely passed out of block AB, the reverse energizing circuit for winding 6 of signal S will become closed, and signal S will then move to its caution position. The movement of signal S to its. caution position will complete one of the circuits in which relay ALR is included, and relay ALR will then pick up and will interrupt the circuit for lamp L thus causing this lamp to become extinguished, and lightout relay LOR to become deenergized.

When the train leaves the block to the right of block AB, track relay TR will pick up but relay DR will remain deenergized. Signal S will therefore move to its caution position so that it will then display a caution indication. The movement of signal S to its caution position will complete the pickup circuit for relay DR and this relay and relay ALR will then both pick up. When relay DR picks up, it will complete the normal energizing circuit for winding 6 of signal S and signal S will then move to its proceed position. The pickup up of relay ALR will interrupt the circuit for lamp L and this lamp will then become extinguished and light-out relay LOR will become deenergized. The deenergization of relay LOR will tend to interrupt the pickup circuit for relay DR but due to the presence of rectifier H across the winding of relay LOR this relay will not open its front contact 93 until after relay ALR has closed its front contact lfi3-i03 and when front contact its-33 of relay ALR becomes closed, one of the holding circuits for relay DR will then be closed, with the result that relays DR and ALR. will both remain continuously energized under these conditions. When the train has proceeded far enough in advance of block AB, relay DR will pick up and will complete the normal energizing circuit for signal S thus causing this signal to move to its proceed position.

If, with the parts in the position shown in Fig. 6, the filament of lamp L for example, should become broken for any reason. when the lamp is extinguished, the circuit which was previously closed for relay DR will become interrupted, and relay DR will then become deenergized, and will reverse the polarity of the current supplied to winding of signal S so that this signal will move to its caution position. As a result, when a train subsequently enters the block to the left of block A-B, and causes lamp L to become lighted, signal S will display a caution instead of a proceed indication, thus eliminating the undesirable condition of having an engineman pass signal S when this signal is displaying a proceed indication and finding the signal S dark.

It will be apparent, therefore, that with a signaling system constructed as shown in Fig. 6, the burning out of a signal lamp when the signal in the rear thereof occupies its proceed position will cause the signal in the rear to immediately move to its caution position.

Referring now to Fig. '7, the track circuits and signals shown in this view are the same as in Fig. 5, but. in Fig. '7 the winding 6 of each signal is controlled by the two track relays TR for the associated block and by the auxiliary relay associated with the signal next in advance, through the medium of a polarized line circuit which includes the winding of the approach lighting relay for the signal next in advance. Referring to signal S for example, when track relays TR z and TR i are both energized and relay AR is also energized, the polarized line circuit for winding 6 of signal S is closed and, under these conditions, winding 6 is supplied with current of normal polarity, the path of the current being from battery E through wires it and H l, the winding of relay ALR wire H2, front contact tit-4 til of relay AR wire li i, front contact i it of track relay 112%, line wire 5 l6, front contact iii of track relay TR z, wire HS, winding 6 of signal S wire H5, front contact lZEl of track relay TR z, line wire i2i, front contact I22 of track relay TR i, wire l23, front contact I2 we of relay AR and wire l25 back to battery E When track relays 153% and TR i are both energized and auin'liary relay AR is deenergized, the polarized line circuit for winding 5 of signal S is again closed but, under these conditions, due to the fact that the pole-changing contacts of relay AR are now reversed, winding 5 is supplied with current of reverse polarity over this circuit.

It should be pointed out that since the approach lighting relay associated with each signal is included in the circuit for the winding 8 of the signal in the rear, and since this circuit includes front contacts of the two track relays for the two track sections next in rear of the associated signal, the approach lighting relay for each signal will be energized except when the block in the rear of such signal is occupied by a train.

For reasons which will be apparent from an inspection of the drawings, it is desirable that each approach lighting relay should hold its front contacts closed during the interval of time between the opening of the back contacts and the closing of the front contacts of the associated auxiliary relay AR, and to accomplish this result, each approach lighting relay has a rectifier designated by the reference character H with a suitable distinguishing exponent shunted across its winding.

Each auxiliary relay is controlled by the circuit controller of the associated signal, by the track relay for the first track section in advance of the associated signal, and by the associated approach lighting relay. Referring particularly to relay AR for example, this relay is provided with one circuit which is closed when track relay TR Z and approach lighting relay ALR are both energized and signal S occupies its proceed position, this circuit passing from battery E through wires HE) and I26, the filament of lamp L Wire I27, front contact I28-I28 of relay ALR wire I29, front contact 9 of track relay TR z, wire I6, contact 88 of signal S wire I I, contact 'll-l of signal S wire I30, the winding of relay AB and wires I3! and I25 back to battery E Relay AR is also provided with another circuit which is closed when track relay TR z and relay ALR are both energized and signal S occupies its caution position, that latter circuit being similar to the circuit just traced with the exception that this circuit includes contact 88 of signal S in place of contact 8--8 of signal S wire El, and contact 'I-J of signal S It will be noted. that both circuits for each auxiliary relay include the filament of the lamp of the associated signal, and it follows that if the filament of this lamp becomes broken, when either of these circuits is closed, the associated auxiliary relay will become deenergized. The resistance of each auxiliary relay is such that when either circuit for this relay is closed, the associated. lamp will remain extinguished.

Associated with each signal are a power-off relay POR and a transformer T connected and arranged in the manner previously described in connection with Fig. 5.

Each signal lamp L is controlled by the associated approach lighting relay ALB and by the associated power-off relay POR. Referring particularly to lamp L when relay ALR is deenergized and relay POR is energized, lamp L is then energized by alternating current over a circuit which may be traced from the left-hand terminal of secondary id of transformer T through wires I32 and I 33, front contact I34I3i of power-01f relay POR wire I35, back contact I28i28 of relay ALR wire I21, the filament of lamp L and wires I26, H0, I36 and I3? to the right-hand terminal of secondary 40 of transformer T When, however, relay ALR is deenergized, and power-oif relay POR is also deenergized, lamp L is then energized by direct current over a circuit which may be traced from battery E through wires Iii) and I26, the filament of L wire I21, back contact I28-l28 of relay ALB wire I35, back contact I34I34 of power-off relay POR and Wire I38 back to battery E In explaining the operation as a whole of the apparatus shown in Fig. '7, I will assume that section a-A is occupied by a train, and that traflic conditions in advance are such that signals S and S both occupy their proceed positions. With section a-A occupied, track relay TR i will be deenergized and the circuit for approach lighting relay ALR will therefore be interrupted at the front contacts H5 and I22 of track relay TR z so that relay ALR will also be deenergized. Since relay ALR is deenergized, the circuit fer relay AR will be interrupted at front contact lid-428 of relay ALR and one of the energizing circuits for lamp L will be closed at back contact l28-I23 of relay ALR Relay AR will therefore be deenergized and lamp L will be lighted. Since lamp L is lighted, and signal S occupies its proceed position, this signal will display a proceed indication.

When the train enters section A--b, track relay TR z will become deenergized and will interrupt all circuits for winding 6 of signal S thus causing this signal to move to its stop position, and approach lighting relay ALB, to become deenergized. The deenergization of approach lighting relay ALR will interrupt the circuit which was previously closed for auxiliary relay AR and this relay will now also become deenergize-d. The deenergization of this: relay, however, under these conditions, will have no immediate effect on the remainder of the apparatus. The deenergization of approach lighting relay ALR. will also cause one of the circuits for lamp L to become completed, and this lamp will therefore become lighted, thus causing signal S to display a proceed indication. When the train passes completely out of section a-A, track relay TR l will pick up, and when this relay picks up under these conditions, one of the circuits for the winding 6 of the signal for the associated block will become completed which will cause relay ALR to become energized. When the train enters section b-B, "track relay TR l will become deenergized but since all circuits controlled by this relay were previously opened at contacts II! and I20 of track relay TR z, the deenergization of relay TR i will have no immediate effect on the remainder of the apparatus. When the train has passed completely out of section A-b, track relay TR Z will pick up, but the picking up of this relay will also have no immediate effect on the remainder of the apparatus.

When the train enters section Bc, track relay TR z will become deenergized and will deenergize winding 6 of signal S thus causing this signal to move to its stop position. When the train has completely entered section B-c, track relay TR l will pick up, and will complete the reverse energizing circuit for winding 6 of signal S thus causing this signal to move to its caution position, and approach lighting relay ALR to pick up. When the signal reaches its caution position, the resultant closing of contact 8-H of this signal will complete One of the circuits for relay AR thus causing this relay to become energized. When this relay becomes energized, the circuit for relay ALR will be momentarily interrupted, but due to the rectifier H this relay will not open its front contact FEEL-428 under these conditions. The picking up of approach lighting relay ALR will interrupt the circuit for lamp L which was previously closed at back contact EZil-lEB of relay ALE. and lamp L will become extinguished. When the train leaves section B-c, track relay TREE will pick up, but this will not have any effect on the remainder of the apparatus until after the train has passed completely out of the block to the right of point B, at which time signal S will become energized in its reverse direction, and will move to its caution position in the same manner that signal S became energized in its reverse direction and moved to its caution position when the train passed out of block A-B. When signal S moves to its caution position, one of the circuits for relay AR will. become completed, and this relay will then pick up and will reverse the polarity of the current supplied to winding 5 of signal S thus causing this signal to move to its proceed position. When the train has passed completely out of the second block in advance of block A--B, winding 5 of signal S will become energized in its normal direction and signal S will then move to its proceed position. When signal S reaches its proceed position, all will then be restored to the positions in which they are shown in the drawings.

I will now assume that with the in the positions shown in Fig. '7, the filament of lamp L becomes interrupted. Under these conditions, the circuit which was previously closed for relay AR will be interrupted at the lamp filament and relay AR will, therefore, become deenergized, and will reverse the polarity of the current supplied to winding 6 of signal S thus causing this signal to move from its proceed to its caution position. As a result, if a train subsequently a proaches signal S this signal will display a caution indication instead of a proceed indication, and the enginman will, therefore, be prepared to stop when he reaches signal S Referring now to Fig. 8, as here shown, the track circuits and signals are the same as in Fig. '1, but in Fig. 8, each signal has associated therewith, in addition to the apparatus shown in Fig. 7, a light-out relay designated by the reference character LOR with a suitable distinguishing ex-- ponent. Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 8, the circuits are so arranged that each signal is lighted as long as the associated block is occupied.

Referring to signal S for example, one circuit for winding 5 of this signal is closed when track relays TR z and THE are both energized, and relay AR is energized, and this circuit passes from battery E through wires I65, I63, I64 and M5, the winding of relay ALR wire I S'I, front contact hit-J ll; of relay AR wire I49, front contact I56 of track relay TR 1, line wire I5I, front contact I52 of track relay TR Z, wire I53, winding 6 of signal S wire I55, front contact I55 of track relay TR z, wire I56, front contact I5! of track relay TR l, wire I58, front contact I59----I59 of relay AR and wires I55, I5! and I62 back to battery E When this circuit is closed, winding 6 of signal S is supplied with current of normal polarity and, under these conditions, signal S will occupy its proceed position. Another circuit for winding 6 of signal S is closed when track relays TR Z and TR i are both energized, and relay AR is deenergized, and passes from battery E through wires I55, I63, I64 and I46, a resistance R back contact I5II59 of relay AR wire I58, front contact I51 of track relay TR l, wire I56, front contact I55 of track relay TR z, wire I54, winding 6 of signal S wire I53, front contact I52 of track relay TR Z, line wire I5I, front contact I56 of track relay TR l, wire I59, back contact Id8!48 of relay AR and wires I65, IEI and I62 back to battery E When this latter circuit is closed, the winding 6 of signal S is supplied with current of reverse polarity, and, under these conditions, signal S occupies its caution position.

It will be noted that approach lighting relay ALR. is included in the circuit first traced for winding 6 of signal S and it follows that this relay will be energized whenever signal S occupies its proceed position. It will also be noted that the other circuit for winding 6 of signal S does not include the winding of relay ALR but does include resistor R The resistance of the resistor R is the same as that of the winding of relay ALR and the function of this resistor is to maintain the resistance of both circuits for winding 6 of signal S at the same value, so that when either one of these circuits is closed, winding 6 will be supplied with current of the same magnitude.

Each auxiliary relay AR is provided with two circuits which are controlled by the associated signal S and by the associated light-out relay LOR, and with two other circuits which are controlled by the associated signal S and by the associated approach lighting relay ALR. Referring to relay AR for example, one circuit for this relay is closed when the signal S occupies its proceed position and light-out relay LOR. is energized, and may be traced from battery E through wires I55, I63 and I64, front contact I65 of relay LOR wires I66 and I61, contact 5-6 of signal 8*, wire I'I, contact 'I'I' of signal S wire I68, winding of relay AB and wires I69, I6I and I62 back to battery E Another circuit for relay AR is closed when signal S occupies its caution position and relay LOR, is energized, and is similar to the circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes contact 88 of signal S in place of contact 8-43 of signal S wire I1 and contact 'I'I of signal S A third circuit for this relay is closed when signal S occupies its proceed position and relay ALB, is energized, and passes from battery E through wires I45, I63, I64, I46 and Hi, the filament of lamp L wire I12, front contact I'I3I'I3=- of relay ALR wire I61, contact 88 of signal S wire I I, contact T-l of signal S wire I68, Winding of relay AB and wires I69, I6I and I62 back to battery E A fourth circuit for relay AR is closed when signal S occupies its caution position and relay ALR is energized, and is similar to the circuit just traced with the exception that this latter circuit includes contact 8I3 of signal S in place of contact 6--8 of signal S wire I1, and contact I-F of signal S Each signal lamp L is controlled by the associ ated approach lighting relay and the associated power-off relay. Referring particularly to lamp LIA, for example, when approach lighting relay ALR is deenergized and power-off relay POR is energized, lamp L is lighted by virtue of an energizing circuit which may be traced from the right-hand terminal of transformer 'I through wires I63, I64, I46 and III, the filament of lamp L wire I12, back contact I'I3I'I3 of relay ALR wire I75, winding of relay LOR wire lit,

front contact III--I 'I'I of power-off relay POR and wires I18 and I79 to the left-hand terminal of secondary winding 40 of transformer T When, however, approach lighting relay ALR is deenergized and power-off relay POR, is also deenergized, lamp L is then lighted by virtue of another energizing circuit which may be traced from battery E through wires I45, I63, I6 2, Hi6 and Ill, the filament of lamp L wire I22, back contact II3--I'I3 of approach lighting relay ALR wire II5, winding of light-out relay LOR wire I76, back contact Ill-4TH of power-off relay POR and wire I62 back to battery E It will be noted that the light-out relay LOR is included in both energizing circuits for lamp L and that one of these circuits is energized by alternating current, whereas the other circuit is energized by direct current. Relay LOR, is designed to operate on either alternating or direct current, and the parts of the relay are so proportioned that when either one of the energizing circuits for lamp L are closed, this relay will pick up its armature and close its front contact.

In explaining the operation as a whole of the system shown in Fig. 8, I will assume that a train occupies section a--A, and that trafiic conditions in advance are such that signals S and S both occupy their proceed positions. Under these conditions, track relay TR-r will be deenergized due to the train shunt, and approach lighting relay ALR. will therefore also be deenergized, so that lamp L will be lighted and light-out relay LOP will be energized. Signal S will therefore display a proceed indication. Furthermore, relay AR will be held energized by virtue of the circuit for this relay including front contact Hi5 of light-out relay LOR When the train enters section A-b, track relay TR z will become deenergized and will interrupt both circuits for winding 6 of signal S thus causing this signal to move to its stop position, and causing approach lighting relay ALB and relay AR to become deenergized. The move ment of signal S to its stop position will cause this signal to display a stop indication, since lamp L is then lighted; while the deenergization of approach lighting relay ALR will interrupt the circuit which was previously closed for relay AR and will complete one of the circuits for lamp L When the circuit for lamp L becomes completed, this lamp will become lighted, thus causing signal S to display a proceed indication. Furthermore, relay LOR will pick up and will complete another circuit for relay AR thus causing this relay to remain energized. It should be pointed out that relay AR is suinciently slow releasing so that it will not open its front con tacts between. the opening of the one circuit for this relay at front contact i'l3ll'3 of relay ALR and the closing of the other circuit for this relay at front contact ififi of relay LOR When the train has passed completely out of section a-A, track relay TR l will pick up, but approach lighting relay ALR will remain deenergized since the circuit in which this relay is included will then still be open at front contact l48l4ii and l59l59 of relay AR It will be seen, therefore, that lamp L will remain lighted, thus causing signal S to continue to display a stop indication even though the train is now past this signal.

When the train enters section b-B, track relay TR 1 will become deenergized, but no change will occur in the indication of signal S since the circuits for this signal which were previously opened by the deenergization of track relay TR z are now held open by the deenergization of track relay TRBI. When the train has completely entered section bB, track relay TR z will pick up, but the picking up of this relay will have no immediate effect on the apparatus for obvious reasons.

As the train progresses into section B-c, the resultant deenergization of track relay TR Z will cause signal S to move to its stop position, and when this signal moves to its stop position, relay AR will become deenergized and will open the circuit for winding 6 of signal S including the winding of approach lighting relay ALR at front contacts Mil-Ils and l59i59 of this relay. When the train has completely entered section Bc, track relay TR 1 will pick up and will complete the reverse energizing circuit for winding 5 of signal S thus causing this signal to move to its caution position. When signal S moves to its caution position, the circuit for auxiliary relay AR including contact 8-il of signal S and front contact I65 of light-out relay LOR, will become completed, and relay AR will therefore pick up. When this relay picks up, the circuit in which approach lighting relay ALB is included will become completed and relay ALR will then pick up, thus interrupting the circuit which was previously closed for lamp L and hence causing light-out relay L0H, to become deenergized.

As the train continues to proceed beyond signal S no further change in the apparatus will take place until the train has passed completely out of the block to the right of block AB at which time winding 6 of signal S will become energized in the reverse direction, and will cause signal S to move to its caution position. When signal S reaches its caution position, relay AR will become energized in the same manner that relay AR became energized when signal S moved to its caution position; and the energization of relay AR in turn, will complete the normal energizing circuit for winding 6 of signal S thus causing signal S to move to its proceed position, and approach lighting relay ALR to become energized. When signal S moves from its caution position to its proceed position, the circuit for relay AR which was previously closed at front contact ii-B of. signal S will become interrupted and another circuit for this relay will become closed at contacts 88 and "l----l of signal S Relay AR however, is sutiiciently slow releasing so that it will not open its front contacts under these conditions. The energization of approach lighting relay ALR will interrupt the circuit which was previously closed for lamp L thus causing lamp L to become extinguished and light-out relay LOB, to become deenergized. When light-out relay LOR becomes deenergized, the circuit for relay AR which was previously closed at front contact I65 of this relay will become interrupted, but relay AR will remain energized because another circuit for this relay will then be closed at front contact ns-ns of approach lighting relay ALR As the train continues to progress beyond the signal S winding 6 of this signal will finally become energized in the normal direction and cause signal S to move to its proceed position. As the signal moves to its proceed position, the circuit which was previously closed for relay AR at contact 8-8 of signal S will become inter rupted and another circuit for this relay will become closed at contacts 8 and 'l-l of signal S Relay AR however, maintains its front contacts closed, under these conditions, due to its slow releasing characteristics. With signal S restored to its proceed position, all parts are restored to the positions in which they are shown in the drawings.

If, with the apparatus constructed as shown in Fig. 8, the filament ol lamp L should become broken or interrupted for any reason while the lamp is extinguished, the circuit for relay AR will become interrupted at the filament of the lamp, and this relay will therefore open its front contacts and close its back contacts, thus reversing the polarity of the current supplied to winding 6 of signal S and hence causing this signal to move to its caution position. A similar operation will occur if the filament of the lamp associated with any of the other signals becomes broken under like conditions.

Referring now to Figs. 9 and 9 the track rails l and I, as here illustrated, are divided into blocks in the same manner as in the preceding views, three of these blocks AB, BC and CD being shown complete in the drawings. Each or these blocks comprises a single track section, and each track section is provided with a track circuit including a battery 50 and a track relay TR. Located at the entrance end of each section is a signal S which, as here shown, comprises two signal mechanisms, each designated by the same reference character as the reference character for the associated signal with a distinguishing subscript. Each of these signal mechanisms is similar in all respects to the mechanism of the signals previously described, and in actual practice both mechanisms will usually be secured to the same pole or mast with the one mechanism disposed above the other mechanism. With this arrangement, when both mechanisms are displaying a red aspect, the signal indicates stop; when the upper mechanism displays a yellow aspect and the lower mechanism displays a red aspect, the signal indicates caution; when the upper mechanism displays a yellow aspect and the lower mechanism a green aspect, the signal indicates approach restricting; and when the upper mech anism displays a green aspect and the lower mechanism a red aspect, the signal indicates proceed.

Associated with each signal are a polarized distant relay DR, an approach lighting relay ALR, an auxiliary relay AR, a reactor J, a signal repeater relay SR, a light-out relay LOR, a poweroff relay POR, a transformer T, and a battery E. Each reactor J has the same reactance as the associated light-out relay LOR.

The winding 6 of each signal mechanism S1 is controlled by the associated track relay TR and by the associated distant relay DR. Referring particularly to the winding 6 of signal mechanism S 1, when track relay TR is energized and distant relay DR is energized in its normal direction so that its polar contacts are swung toward the left, as shown in the drawings, this winding is supplied with current of normal polarity over a circuit which passes from battery E through wires I88, I8I, I82, I83, I84 and I85, front contact I88 of track relay TR wires I81 and I89, polar contact I89I89 of relay DR wire I98, front contact I9II9I of relay DR wire I92, winding 9 of signal mechanism S 1, wire I94, front contact II95 of relay DR Wire I96, polar contact I9II9'I of relay DR and wires i98, I99 and 289 back to battery E When, however, track relay TR is energized and distant relay DR is energized in its reverse direction so that its polar contacts are swung toward the right, winding 9 of signal mechanism SM is then supplied with current of reverse polarity over a circuit which passes from battery E through wires I80, I8I, I82, I83, I84 and I85, front contact I89 of track relay TR wires IB'I, I88 and 28!, polar contact I9'I-I9'I of relay DR wire E96, front contact I95I95 of relay DR wire I94, winding 6 of signal mechanism S 1, wire I92, front contact I9 II 9W of distant relay DR wire I98, polar contact I89--I89 of distant relay DR and wires I98, I99 and 208 back to battery E When track relay TR is energized and distant relay DH is deenergized, winding 6 of signal mechanism S 1 is then supplied with current of reverse polarity over a circuit which passes from battery E through wires I88, I8I, I82, I83, I84 and I85, front contact I88 of track relay TR wire I81, back contact WEE-495 of distant relay DR wire I94, winding 6 of signal mechanism S l, wire I92, back contact I9II9I of distant relay DR and wires 202, I98, I99 and 208 back to battery E When winding 6 of signal mechanism S 1 is supplied with current of normal polarity, this signal mechanism will, of course, occupy the position in which the green roundel is disposed in front of the associated lamp L, and when winding 9 of this signal mechanism is supplied with current of reverse polarity, this signal mechanism will occupy the position in which the yellow roundel is disposed in front of the associated lamp L.

The winding 8 of each signal mechanism S2 is controlled by the associated distant relay DR, by the associated signal mechanism S1, by the associated track relay TR, and by the associated auxiliary relay AR. Referring particularly to winding 6 of signal mechanism S z, the circuit for this winding passes from battery E through wires I89 and 283, front contact 284 of auxiliary relay AR wire 295, front contact 286 of track relay TR wire 29?, contact 88 of signal mechanism S 1, wire ill, contact 'I-'I of signal mechanism 5%, wire 288, polar contact 2092Il9 of distant relay DR wire 2m, front contact 2 of distant relay DR wire 2I2, winding 6 of signal mechanism S 2, wire BIB, front contact 2M of distant relay DR wire 2I5, polar contact 2Iii2l5 of distant relay IDE and wires 2H, I99 and 289 back to battery E This circuit is closed only when track section AB is unoccupied and signal mechanism S 1 is swung to its left-hand extreme position, and the current supplied to winding 6 of signal mechanism S 2 over this circuit is of such polarity that when this circuit is closed, the signal mechanism will be swung to the position in which the green roundel is disposed in front of the associated lamp.

Each signal repeater relay SR is controlled by the associated signal mechanisms S1 and S2, by the associated track relay TR and by the associated auxiliary relay AR. Referring particularly to relay SR one circuit for this relay is closed when auxiliary relay AR and track relay TR are both energized, and the signal mechanisms 8 1 and 8% of signal S occupy their proceed positions, and passes from battery E through wires E39 and 293, front contact 284 of auxiliary relay AR wire 285, front contact 286 of track relay TR wire 28?, contact 'II of signal mechanism S 1, wire I'I, contact 88 of signal mechanism Sm, wires 228 and HI, winding of relay SR and wires I99 and 298 back to battery E Another circuit for relay SR is closed when track relay TR and auxiliary relay AR are both energized and signal mechanisms S 1 and 5 2 00- cupy the positions in which the yellow and green roundels of these signal mechanisms are disposed respectively in front of the associated lamps L l and L z, this latter circuit passing from battery E through wires I89 and 293, front contact 29 5 of auxiliary relay AR wire 285, front contact 295 of track relay TR wire 201, contact 8-8 of signal mechanism S 1, wire I'I, contact ii of signal mechanism S 1, wire 288, contact 'i-"I of signal mechanism 8%, wire 22I, winding of relay SB and wires I99 and 208 back to battery E Each power-off relay POR is controlled in the same manner as in the preceding views and the control of this relay need not, therefore, be repeated.

Each distant relay DR is controlled by the associated track relay TR, by the signal repeater relay SR associated with the two signal mechanisms S1 and S2 of the signal S next in advance, by the track relay TR associated with the signal next in advance, and by the auxiliary relay AR associated with the signal next in advance. Referring particularly to relay DR for example, one circuit for this relay passes from battery E through wires illii and 293, front contact 284 of auxiliary relay AR wire 285, front contact 286 of track relay TR wire 20?, contact 8---il of signal mechanism S 1, wire 222, winding of approach lighting relay ALR wire 233, front contact 22 i224 of signal repeater relay SR line wire 225, front contact 228 of track relay TR wire 221, winding of distant relay DR line wire 25I, front contact Nil-228 of relay SR and Wires 229 and 288 back to battery E Another 

